The flea collections from Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture were identified and their geographical distribution was mapped. In total, 88 species (subspecies), belonging to 6 families and 29 genera were recorded, among which 44, 45, 50, 18 and 19 species (subspecies) were collected from the counties of Gonghe, Xinghai, Guinan, Guide and Tongde, respectively. The findings from the current paper are helpful to understand the flea fauna and management of flea- borne diseases in Hainan prefecture, Qinghai province.

Objective To get the current status of the monitoring and control of disease vectors of Nanjing as well as the problems in them by in-depth investigation and analysis. Further more, to promote the sustainable development of vector control. Methods The questionnaire survey was carried out to attain the basic information of the present conditions of vector control including the equipment, implemented work, related personnel and their skills and abilities. So that statistical analysis could be applied to the collected data. Results The staff who worked more than 10 years accounted for 49.1%, and CDCs lacked highly educated personnel and senior title personnel, thus, the lack of professionals is an urgent problem to be solved. CDCs of separate vector monitoring and control sector accounted for 33.33% in Nanjing, and to carry out vector monitoring accounted for 58.33% of the total, therefore the system of vector control is to be improved. Conclusion The introduction and cultivation of talents of vector biological monitoring control should be strengthened. Enhancing institution-building are also indispensable.

Objective To investigate pathological changes in the major solid viscera of guinea pigs infected with the plague bacillus Yersinia pestis. Methods Adult guinea pigs were infected with a virulent Y. pestis strain (25 cfu/ml) through the groin subcutaneously. After infection, tissue specimens were immediately taken from dead animals, and the surviving ones were executed 14 d later. Specimens of solid viscera, including the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and heart, were used for isolation of Y. pestis, and section specimens were prepared to observe associated pathological changes. Results Yersinia pestis was isolated from the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and heart of the experimental animals after infection. Tissue autopsy revealed significant pathological changes in all solid viscera, and microscopic examination showed obvious pathological changes in the major organs other than the heart. There were acute inflammatory changes such as inflammatory cell increase, hyperemia, hemorrhage, and partial necrosis. Conclusion Virulent Y. pestis can cause acute inflammation in guinea pigs and result in significant pathological changes in solid viscera of the animals, including the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and heart.

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and current status of plague in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for plague prevention and control in the future. Methods As a national monitoring station, the plague surveillance was carried out in Hainan prefecture according to the “National Plague Surveillance Programs”. The plague surveillance reports and human plague epidemic reports in Hainan prefecture from 2007 to 2012 were collected and analyzed using the descriptive epidemiological methods. Results Three positive canine serum samples were found in 2007 and 2009, four positive marmot serum samples and one positive corsac fox serum sample were found in 2010, and the serologic titers were as high as 1:20 480. These findings revealed the continued emergence of animal plague in Hainan prefecture. There was an outbreak of human pneumonic plague in 2009 since the first plague reported 60 years ago in Xinghai county, Hainan prefecture, which indicated a high risk of plague transmission from animals to humans in this region. Conclusion The animal plague epidemic is still active in Hainan prefecture, and the plague prevention and control face a great challenge in this area.

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and current status of plague in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for plague prevention and control in the future. Methods As a national monitoring station, the plague surveillance was carried out in Hainan prefecture according to the “National Plague Surveillance Programs”. The plague surveillance reports and human plague epidemic reports in Hainan prefecture from 2007 to 2012 were collected and analyzed using the descriptive epidemiological methods. Results Three positive canine serum samples were found in 2007 and 2009, four positive marmot serum samples and one positive corsac fox serum sample were found in 2010, and the serologic titers were as high as 1∶20 480. These findings revealed the continued emergence of animal plague in Hainan prefecture. There was an outbreak of human pneumonic plague in 2009 since the first plague reported 60 years ago in Xinghai county, Hainan prefecture, which indicated a high risk of plague transmission from animals to humans in this region. Conclusion The animal plague epidemic is still active in Hainan prefecture, and the plague prevention and control face a great challenge in this area.

Objective To investigate the spatial distribution and species composition of indoor and outdoor mosquito communities at the camp in Chayu county of Tibet, China. Methods CO2 light traps and human-baited mosquito nets were used to sample the mosquitoes at the outdoor courtyard, around the animal pens, and in the forest. Captured mosquitoes were classified and counted, and the obtained data were statistically analyzed in terms of the number and species composition of mosquitoes. Results A total of 822 mosquitoes were captured, belonging to 2 subfamilies, 4 genera, and 6 species, in this study. Among them, Culex pseudovishnui was the main mosquito community, accounting for 86.25% (709/822), followed by Anopheles maculatus, accounting for 5.47% (45/822), and Armigeres subalbatus, accounting for 5.23% (43/822). In the rooms, Cx. pseudovishnui was captured most frequently (0.476, 10/21); around the pen, An. peditaeniatus, An. maculatus, and Ar. subalbatus had relatively high capture frequencies, with ratios of 0.750 (6/8), 0.818 (9/11), and 0.615(8/13), respectively; Aedes vexans was captured only in the forest. Conclusion The dominant mosquito species is Cx. pseudovishnui, which is endophilic, suggesting that indoor residual spraying and outdoor habitat management should be taken to control the mosquito species. An. peditaeniatus and An. maculates have a preference for animal sites, where the control should be focused on the two mosquito species.

Objective To investigate the species and distribution of wild rodents and their parasitic fleas in Three Rivers Headwaters region of Qinghai province, China. Methods Small rodents were captured with tongs (snap traps), and plateau zokors were captured by bow tongs (large snap traps). Results A total of 362 wild rodents, which belonged to 15 species, 12genera, 5 families, and 2 orders, were captured. Eight hundred and forty-six parasitic fleas, which belonged to 36 species, 18genera, 6 families, and 4 superfamilies, were collected. Conclusion The distribution of wild rodents and their parasitic fleas in Three Rivers Headwaters region have been preliminarily investigated. This investigation provides a scientific basis for the prevention and control of plague and related diseases in this area.

Objective To study the distribution pattern of rodents in Qinghai province, China. Methods The data on 45 species of rodents, belonging to 9 families and 2 orders, were retrieved. The Ward's method was used for cluster analysis of rodents in each physical geographical unit of Qinghai. Results The rodents in Qinghai were clustered into two groups. The rodents from Qiangtang Plateau and Guoluo Yushu Plateau were clustered into a new group at a distance coefficient of 0.13, and the rodents from mountains north to Qinghai Lake, mountainous unit of Huangnan, Huangshui Valley, Qaidam Basin, and Qilian Mountains in Qinghai were clustered into a new group at a distance coefficient of 0.21. Conclusion The clustering results show interrelation between rodents and environment in different geographical units.

Objective To study the spatial niches of rodents in Geermu area of Qinghai province, China. Methods The rodent communities in four habitats in Geermu area were studied using Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index and Pianka's niche overlap index. Results Of the 12 species of captured rodents, Ochotona curzoniae had the highest niche breadth (0.5486), followed by Pitymys leucurus (0.4930) and P. irene (0.4591); Phodopus roborovskii, Eolagurus luteus, Rattus norvegicus, Microtus oeconomus, Mus musculus, Dipus sagitta and Euchoreutes naso had the lowest niche breadths, with an approximate value of 0. Among the 12 species of rodents, the highest niche overlap was 1, and the lowest niche overlap was 0. Conclusion There are small differences in niche breadth between the species of rodents among the dominant species or non-dominant ones, respectively in Geermu area. The rodent species with a total niche overlap show similarities in biological characteristics and ecological adaptability, while those without niche overlap are different in the use of natural resources, demonstrating no competition in resource utilization.

Objective To update the information on the species of ectoparasitic fleas on small mammals in Gonghe county, Qinghai province, China. Methods Small mammals were captured by night trapping method, and ectoparasitic fleas were collected from them. The slide specimens of fleas were made, and these fleas were classified and identified based on morphological characteristics. Results A total of 785 ectoparasitic fleas (13 species, 8 genera, 3 families) were collected from small mammals in Gonghe county. Conclusion Neopsylla bidentatiformis (Wagner, 1883) is a new record in Qinghai province.

Objective To investigate the effect of joint use of repellent and attractant for mosquito control in the field and to evaluate the specific attraction of octanoic acid, indole, and CO₂ mosquito trap for mosquitoes. Methods Six sites in Taiping village, Yingjiang county, Yunnan province, China were selected for field test. In the first to fourth sites, rosemary essential oil as a repellent was hung at the center, and a CO₂ mosquito trap combined with octanoic acid and indole was placed 1, 5, 10, 15 or 20 m from the rosemary essential oil. In the fifth site, only a CO₂ mosquito trap was placed at the center. The mosquitoes captured by the CO₂ mosquito trap were counted and classified every day, and the obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results Joint use of repellent and attractant at an appropriate spacing captured significantly more mosquitoes than use of attractant alone (ANOVA, P<0.05). A total of 594 mosquitoes were captured in 3 tests at the third site (10 m between the rosemary essential oil and CO₂ mosquito trap), most among the 5 sites (P=0.036). The number of mosquitoes captured by the CO₂ mosquito trap combined with octanoic acid and indole was 30% more than that of mosquitoes captured by the CO₂ mosquito trap alone in each of 3 tests. Aedes mosquitoes accounted for about 80% of all captured mosquitoes, and Ae. alboscutellatus, Ae. albopictus, Ae. craggi, and Ae. desmotes were the dominant species in this region. Conclusion Joint use of repellent and attractant at an appropriate spacing can capture more mosquitoes than CO₂ mosquito trap alone and can be used in mosquito control. CO₂ mosquito trap combined octanoic acid and indole shows some specificity for Aedes and can be used in the surveillance of Aedes vector mosquitoes.

Objective To determine the flea fauna and distribution in Three Rivers’ Headwaters region of Qinghai province. Methods Based on the results of the investigation and surveillance on plague foci, fleas were collected in vitro from the captured small mammals in the regions, and taxonomic identification was conducted. Results A total of 104 species of fleas had been found in Three Rivers’ Headwaters region in Qinghai (including sub?species), belonging to 33 genera, 6 families, the dominant species being Ceratophyllidae, Leptopsyllidae and Ctenophthalmidae, accounting for 33.65% (35/104), 27.88% (29/104) and 24.04% (25/104), respectively. Thirty four species, 16 genera and 33 families in the Qiangtang Plateau sub?region, 100 species, 16 genera and 6 families in South Tibet sub?region were also found, including 28 unique species in Three Rivers’ Headwaters region. Conclusion Further biological investigation on fleas should be strengthened along with vector control research in order to provide data for the prevention and control of plague.

Objective Nosopsyllus laeviceps ellobii (Wagner) were reared at different temperatures and relative humidities to determine the biological characteristics, providing basic evidence for the prevention and control of flea. Methods Adults and larvae were separately raised and observed under constant temperature and humidity. Results The growth of fleas ceased at the first larval stage under a relative humidity of (35±3)% and a temperature of (20.5±1)℃ or (22.5±1)℃, and the third stage under a relative humidity of (95±3)% and a temperature of (20.5±1)℃. At (22.5±1)℃, egg?to?adult development was achieved with nevertheless low survival rate. The mean survival time of new eclosed fleas was 11.68 days under starvation conditions, less than 15.07 d (22.5±1)℃, suggesting a sub?optimal temperature of (22.5±1)℃ and an optimum humidity of (75±3)%. Conclusion N. laeviceps ellobii is characterized by short metamorphic period, long adult life and strong reproductive capacity.

Objective To determine the correlation between the occurrence of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and meteorological factors.  Methods Photocatalytic light traps were used to collect mosquitoes in Nanjing suburbs from August in 2006 to December in 2007. Multivariant stepwise regression was conducted using SPSS 16.0 with mosquito density (Y1), female mosquito density (Y2) as the dependent variables and synchronous meteorological factors, including mean temperature (X1), maximum temperature (X2), minimum temperature (X3), precipitation (X4), mean air pressure (X5), mean relative humidity (X6), mean wind velocity (X7) and sunshine hours (X8), as the independent variables.  Results Cx. tritaeniorhynchus accounted for over 90% in Nanjing suburbs, and female mosquitoes 95%. High density (＞60 individuals per hour) was observed in the period from June to October. Significant linear correlation was present between X3 and the changing trend in mosquito densities, despite insignificant regression link. Most meterological factors were significantly nonlinear correlated with the density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Favorable  results  were  obtained  via  the  following  regression  equations: Y1＝10∧［18.645 Lg（X1＋1）－21.403 Lg（X2＋1）－0.930 X7＋0.104 X8＋2.470］－1，Y2＝10∧［19.051 Lg （X1＋1）－21.994 Lg （X2＋1）－0.945 X7＋0.106 X8＋8.675］－1，R2＞0.8.  Conclusion The occurrence of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus could be forecasted based on the concurrent meteorological factors. This prediction method could be applied to other vectors and relevant diseases.

【Abstract】 Objective To observe the toxicity of different insecticides to fleas and to screen out new and high effective insecticides. Methods The residual spraying was used in the field, and the bottle film method in the laboratory. Results The mortality rate of Xenopsylla cheopis was 100% after 24 h treatment with the concentration of 0.0025% for 10% Gongbaihai SC and 0.005% for 8% Dagongda WP. Jiapu insecticides could knock down the fleas within 0.5-3 min, followed by Gongbaihai and Dagongda within 5-7 min. The knocking time of Wanling produced by Dupont was the longest with the value of 10-20 min.  For death time, the fleas were all dead within 5 min after treatment, 30-40 min for Gongbaihai and Dagongda, and 1-1.5 h for Wanling of Dupont. Conclusion Dagongda and Gongbaihai can be used for the control of fleas in plague foci.

【Abstract】 Objective To know the distribution of flea, tick and louse and their natural infection situation at Sanjiangyuan Tanggula district of Qinghai. Methods The epizoite insects from the small animals captured in the plague foci were collected, and then classify and identify them respectively. Results There were 40 species of flea, tick and louse belonging to 20 genus, 8 families and 3 orders, including 36 species 17 genus and 5 families of fleas, 1 specie 1 genus and 1 family of ticks and 3 specie 1 genus and 1 family of louses, which were deposited in Qinghai Institute for endemic disease prevention and control. Only three species of fleas were infected by plague in 13 species of Marmota himalayana, and they were  Oropsylla  silantiewi  and  Callopsylla  dolabris and  Amphipsylla  primaris  primaries.  The  plague  was  also  isolated  from M.himalayana?a kind of epizoite louse parasitized M.himalayanus. Conclusion Strengthen the research on vector control in this district, and provide the service for the control of plague.